Rebelling against this view, Turner argued instead that Europeans had been transformed by the process of settling the American continent and that what was unique about the United States was its frontier history. Though Roosevelt would later accept Turners historiography on the West, calling Turners work a correction or supplementation of his own, the two certainly contradict. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Editors of such magazines as Century, Outlook, and Harpers supported an imperialistic stance as the democratic responsibility of the United States. WebFrederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 1893 This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic movement. 0000102444 00000 n nation as a whole. The United States had similar strategic interests in the Samoan Islands of the South Pacific, most notably, access to the naval refueling station at Pago Pago where American merchant vessels as well as naval ships could take on food, fuel, and supplies. Yen, "Western Frontier or Feudal Society: Metaphors and Perceptions of Cyberspace,", E. Brent, "Electronic communication and sociology: Looking backward, thinking ahead, careening toward the next millennium,", The Significance of the Frontier in American History, the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s, "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic historians, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", "Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier", "How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start", "The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier", "Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of "Rugged Individualism" in the United States", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier_thesis&oldid=1131966330, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Coleman, William, "Science and Symbol in the Turner Frontier Hypothesis,". WebThe first is by transcending the region-frontier divide. did Frederick Jackson Turner claim that the "closing The American frontier began when the British colonialists settled in North America in the 17th century and ended with the admission of New Mexico and Arizona in WebThe Closing of the American Wilderness. The follow-up to that study, The United States, 18301850: The Nation and Its Sections (1935), would not be published until after his death. trailer << /Size 371 /Info 316 0 R /Root 320 0 R /Prev 990075 /ID[<72a791510c44fbfc687e8adeb5826df1>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 320 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 317 0 R /Metadata 318 0 R /OpenAction [ 322 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /StructTreeRoot 321 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20051018094202)>> >> /LastModified (D:20051018094202) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 321 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 52 0 R /ClassMap 55 0 R /K 244 0 R /ParentTree 270 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 369 0 obj << /S 296 /C 444 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 370 0 R >> stream WebTurners thesis asserted that the closing of the American Frontier, as demonstrated by the 1890 Census data, was the end of the most important era of American history. "the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the 0000056817 00000 n He traced the social evolution of frontier life as it continually developed across the continent from the primitive conditions experienced by the explorer, trapper, and trader, through maturing agricultural stages, finally reaching the complexity of city and factory. Fearing future loss of the territory through military conflict, as well as desiring to create challenges for Great Britain (which they had fought in the Crimean War), Russia had happily accepted the American purchase offer. A modern simplification d While the navy had introduced the first all-steel, triple-hulled steam engine vessels seven years earlier, they had only thirteen of them in operation by 1890. [52][53][54] Of special concern is the question whether the electronic frontier will broadly replicate the stages of development of the American land frontier. Frederick Jackson Turner, (born November 14, 1861, Portage, Wisconsin, U.S.died March 14, 1932, San Marino, California), American historian best known for the frontier thesis. The single most influential interpretation of the American past, it proposed that the distinctiveness of the United States was attributable to its long history of westering. Despite the fame of this monocausal interpretation, as the teacher and mentor of dozens of young historians, Turner insisted on a multicausal model of history, with a recognition of the interaction of politics, economics, culture, and geography. 0000099528 00000 n In his speech, Turner maintained that the frontierthat region just beyond or at the edge of a settled areawashed away all European influences and created a distinctive American character. "[47] The frontier metaphor thus maintained its rhetorical ties to American social progress. "[22], Historians, geographers, and social scientists have studied frontier-like conditions in other countries, with an eye on the Turnerian model. He won wide acclaim among historians and intellectuals. A modern simplification describes it as Indigenous land possessing an "American ingenuity" that settlers are compelled to forcibly appropriate to create cultural identity that differs from their European ancestors. Request Permissions. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Awarded a doctorate in 1891, Turner was one of the first historians professionally trained in the United States rather than in Europe. It explained why the American people and American government were so different from their European counterparts. His Rise of the New West, 18191829 (1906) was published as a volume in The American Nation series, which included contributions from the nations leading historians. Closing the Frontier: Radical Response in Oklahoma, 1889-1923 Hardcover January 1, 1986 . [36] Moos (2002) shows that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist Oscar Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. [10], A similarly race-based interpretation of Western history also occupied the intellectual sphere in the United States before Turner. [25] Alexander Petrov noted that Russia had its own Frontier and Russians moved over centuries across Siberia all the way from the Urals to the Pacific, struggling with nature in many physical ways similar to the American move across North America - without developing the social and political characteristics noted by Turner. According to Turner, what separated Americans from Europeans was the constant availability of new land to the west. He explained his motives to a Boston audience in 1867, when he professed his intention to give the United States control of the world.. [6] Americans inherited such traits as adaptability and self-reliance from the Germanic peoples of Europe. land into modem civilization. Alternatively, the United States would settle for the rights to Canada. When Queen Liliuokalani tapped into a strong anti-American resentment among native Hawaiians over the economic and political power of exploitative American sugar companies between 1891 and 1893, worried businessmen worked with the American minister to Hawaii, John Stevens, to stage a quick, armed revolt to counter her efforts and seize the islands as an American protectorate (Figure 22.6). Jensen, Richard. We had the best possible voyage over the water-good weather, no headwinds, scarcely any rolling or pitching-in short, all that reasonable people could ask. Release Date: October 14, 2007 [eBook #22994] Language: English. Although there was no more room for these forces to proceed domestically, they would continue to find an outlet on the international stage. Up to our own day In frequent conversations with President Lincoln, among others, Seward openly spoke of his desire to obtain British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, portions of the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and other territories. ;OLs oUo]t}1{Mi0-t.k~5[ZR&^Urub-Q{8a'[W_) S>kkOon.a,:">^DA*C={kWt7(p,gm@~op*^d:B|ujC| =QKU7'W%VTL+f,Iy=Y|E J;m8PP%uquRiC5[|i3kuaQa?j WebAnd now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. They argue that, "Frontier imagery motivates Fermilab physicists, and a rhetoric remarkably similar to that of Turner helped them secure support for their research." The "Turner Whether oversees or in the urban slums, they benefitted from the same passions but expressed the same paternalism. In 1899, in an effort to mitigate other foreign interests and still protect their own, the United States joined Great Britain and Germany in a three-party protectorate over the islands, which assured American access to the strategic ports located there. He pursued these goals through a variety of actions. The Frontier Thesis or Turner's Thesis (also American frontierism) is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that a settler colonial exceptionalism, under the guise of American democracy, was formed by the appropriation of the rugged American frontier. WebBy that reasoning, the closing of the frontier would make the US an industrial nation like those of Europe. 0000091373 00000 n The Closing of the Frontier | Encyclopedia.com Turner begins the essay by calling to attention the fact that the western frontier line, which had defined the entirety of American history up to the 1880s, had ended. 0000002314 00000 n Western expansion and the goal of Manifest Destiny still held the countrys attention, and American missionaries proselytized as far abroad as China, India, the Korean Peninsula, and Africa, but reconstruction efforts took up most of the nations resources. WebIt was the vast frontier stretching out to the west of the developed land on the North American continent that shaped the American characterand the course of US history. It would be a nation in which people were not particularly individualistic Lotties rhetoric caught on, and still today, the annual Christmas offering is done in her name. By 1870, missionaries abroad spent as much time advocating for the American version of a modern civilization as they did teaching the Bible. Whereas in his 1893 essay he celebrated the pioneers for the spirit of individualism that spurred migration westward, 25 years later Turner castigated these slashers of the forest, these self-sufficing pioneers, raising the corn and livestock for their own need, living scattered and apart. For Turner the national problem was no longer how to cut and burn away the vast screen of the dense and daunting forest but how to save and wisely use the remaining timber. At the end of his career, he stressed the vital role that regionalism would play in counteracting the atomization brought about by the frontier experience. They emphasized the values of individualism, empiricism, simplicity, equality, courage, discovery, independence, and naturalism in the service of democratic access, human rights, ecological balance, and the resolution of social, economic, and political issues. Frederick Jackson Turner | Biography, Works, & Influence 0000002878 00000 n Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes. As a naval power, the country catapulted to the third strongest in world rankings by military experts, trailing only Spain and Great Britain. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for The Frontier In American History by Frederick Turner: Franklin Library 1977 (LE) at the best online prices at eBay! Foreword Auerbach P.S. Jackson Turner For the full article, see, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Frederick-Jackson-Turner. In press. This is the frontierthe Americawe have set ourselves to reclaim. Project Gutenberg, 2007. Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE As the century came to a close, however, a variety of factors, from the closing of the American frontier to the countrys increased industrial production, led the United States to look beyond its borders. For a scholar of such wide influence, Turner wrote relatively few books. Frederick Jackson Turner, Significance of the Frontier Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Significance of the Frontier in American History Only if gold were to be found, the editors decried, would the secretive purchase be justified. 0000121679 00000 n by . Fish spent much of his time settling international disputes involving American interests, including claims that British assistance to the Confederates prolonged the Civil War for about two years. entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." [24] Each nation had quite different frontier experiences. WebIn The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) he asserted that the American character had been shaped by frontier life and the end of the frontier era. Founded in 1969, The Western Historical Quarterly, the official journal of the Western History Association, presents original scholarly articles dealing with the North American West - the westward movement from the Atlantic to the Pacific, twentieth-century regional studies, the Spanish borderlands, Native American history, and developments in western Canada, northern Mexico, Alaska, and Hawaii.
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