how many slaves were there in 1870

To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is Web15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? 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Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. Chart. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was It is possible to locate a free person on the Edgefield S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. Before presuming an African American SOURCES. O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. This is NPR News. As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. All rights reserved. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. The majority of the 1890 census no longer survives. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. WebThe last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. All rights reserved. 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Records from these courts are available for 54 counties. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. States that saw significant increases in colored population census, because published indexes almost always do not include the slave census. An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. D., 50 slaves, Harris page 203B, CRUDUP, E. A., 53 slaves, Dunns page 179, DAVIS, A. H., N. Massenburg Exr. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant census was enumerated. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries? holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and before.). (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. In the South, the percentage of the population that was enslaved was extraordinarily high: over 70 percent in most counties along the Mississippi River and parts of the South Carolina and Georgia coast. You only have access to basic statistics. 1522. M858. On the other hand, the period immediately following the Civil Warcalled Reconstructionwitnessed the creation of a treasure trove of records containing unique information about African Americans. Census figures that year indicate that more than 591,000 of those residents (56 percent) were white, and nearly 466,000 (44 percent) were Black. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. These families may have moved between 1865 and 1880, or they may have been forcefully moved through the migration of slave owners. The Coast Survey map of slavery was one of many maps drawn from data produced in 19th-century America. slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. When looking at the population density of all free persons (below in 1860), large swathes of the South appear virtually depopulated. purposes. J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire stamped in the upper right corner of every other page of the census, with the intervening pages Works Progress Administration Records, RG 44-2. 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Richard Theodore Greener 1870s-1900s, General Assembly (RG 37) Summary Committee Reports, RG 37-8-35 [Example: Report of the American Negro Study Committee, 1970]. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link You are the visitor to this page. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. slaveholders. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Where did the freed slaves go? Estimates of the number of former slaves who Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. researchers should view the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African Free Persons of Color Registers, 1780-1865: Registers usually include name, age, occupation (sometimes), property, and white sponsor. was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. Morrow, GA 30260 Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. SOURCES. before.) This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires Copyright 2006 NPR. U.S. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. FORMAT. held by Rambo on 481B. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). The FORMAT. Digests in Archives custody up to 1890 are scanned and indexed on Ancestry.com. In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. Later material has a variety of subject headings. Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. Slave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years Learn more. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo WebThe 1870 census data for Washington Territory, in which slavery was never permitted, shows a doubling of population since the previous census. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. ELLIOTT: Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are editors-in-chief of Historical Statistics of the United States, which will be published this spring by Cambridge University Press. of that County on which they were listed. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. The last U.S. census slave schedules were But what's in a statistic? Contact the Archives | WebThough it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million enslaved people were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, records of the holder. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. The U.S. Census is usually the starting point for any genealogical research, as (theoretically) all residents of the United States were counted or enumerated. pages without a stamped number. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. 2023 historyguy.com. Georgia Archives The schedules for the 1870 census were: In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. What did you find? To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. If the surname is found, they can then view the acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. The slave population had a different dynamic. And we might say, can we generalize? M205. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. County? This animation of the density of slave population from 1790 to 1860 shows how slavery expanded more than it grew. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. Colorado, in 1885 (special federal census); Michigan, in 1884, 1888 (Union veterans), and 1894; New Mexico, in 1885 (federal territorial); Ohio, quadrennial censuses in 1883, 1887, 1891, 1895, and 1899 (availability varies by county); Oregon, in 1885 and 1895 (only a few counties survive); South Dakota, in 1885 (federal territorial) and 1895; Washington, in 1883, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, and 1892 (availability varies by county); This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 09:26. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of Negroeswas about 1.7 times more than what the colored population had been 100 years The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. 2 Rolls. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if 1966, RG 12-6, : Information on schools constructed with Jeanes, Slater and Rosenwald Funds, One Teacher Experimental Schools, workshops and teacher training programs. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions This U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. No release date given in the source. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. An American Slave with during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from 5800 Jonesboro Road But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. To check a master surname list for other States http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. 191, WILLIAMSON, Tempy, 72 slaves, Harris page 207B, YARBRO, Jas. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. This website requires a paid subscription for full access. PURPOSE. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844.
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