Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. Cochrane (1977) reported that the incidence of schizophrenia in the West Indies and the UK is 1 %, but that people of Afro-Caribbean origin are seven times more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic when living in the UK. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Jakobsen et al. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. For men the figure was 59%. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. AQA maintains that 16-mark questions, or indeed, extended writing questions of other tariffs, could be asked on any part of any topic. There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 June 2018 (AQA) . blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. But in fact some Schizophrenics are successfully treated whereas others are not. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. with reference to co-morbidity, Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo [4 marks], "Two years ago Jenny was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Imagined stimuli could involve any of the senses. For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. To teach patients and carers more effective stress management techniques. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change The rate of relapse was particularly high if returning to a high EE family was coupled with no medication. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Another family variable associated with schizophrenia is a negative emotional climate, or more generally a high degree of expressed emotion (EE). For example, Ripke et al. Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. 11 items. For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . (Total 16 marks) It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. At least 73% of his sample reported that these strategies were successful in managing their symptoms. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. Sweets and cigarettes. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . Essentially due to . Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Another problem is the theory led's to parent blaming. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. Eg. Benzel et al. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. Abstract. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia but it can make patients better able to cope with them. Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. Response. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. A final strength is that it takes on board the nurture approach to the development of schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Cognitive deficits have been suggested as possible explanations for a range of behaviors associated with schizophrenia. Having attempted to dispute faulty beliefs, patients may also be set behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning.
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