These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. S4 Appendix. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. You may know to keep a file of those records. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. All rights reserved. In 2015, the top five leading causes of death for 59 year olds were lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, meningitis, drowning, and road injury [47]. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. This may be solved by coordinating school visits from hospital-based health professionals or by linking schools with local health centers for children and adolescents to access as needed. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. Automated Records Management. In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field. These SRs must assess routine, multi-component school health services and the characteristics that make them effective, with special attention to content, quality, intensity, method of delivery, and cost. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. This article theoretically debated the role school record to effective educational management, the importance of keeping records in school, types of school records, and characteristics of . Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. Small but statistically significant effect sizes were found in favor of the intervention for mean plaque levels and oral hygiene, but no statistical significance was found for change in gingivitis indices [27]. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on e0212603. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice, Call for Conference Presentation Submissions, NCPD Contact Hours Certificates and Transcripts, Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy, Healthcare Information and Management Systems. Academic performance records, such as grades and report cards, provide insight about. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. A universal educational intervention on oral hygiene and caries produced weaker evidence of effectiveness [27]. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. The data was too heterogeneous to meta-analyze, and the authors determined that the certainty of the evidence of the benefit of dental screening in increasing dental attendance was very low [18]. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Evans and colleagues found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of students wearing spectacles at 14 months follow-up between vision screening with provision of ready-made spectacles and vision screening with provision of custom-made spectacles in a meta-analysis of three RCTs [21]. Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. Although at least 102 countries have school health services, there is no rigorous, evidence-based guidance on which school health services are effective and should be implemented in schools. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Copyright 2022 webdev. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. It should include not only personal data of the pupil but also his school-attainments, health report, personality traits and participation in activities. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. Make the most of doctor visits. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/en/, http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/WASH.aspx, http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/resources/information_series/en/, https://data.worldbank.org/?year_high_desc=false, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012595.pub2/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2/abstract, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/abstract, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2418, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, https://www.iapb.org/resources/school-eye-health-guidelines/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E674C27FAC37B003AB96A2DC13C7407?sequence=1, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! For . Journal of school health, 86 (8), 585-594. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. However, the leading causes of death and disability beyond self-harm and depressive disorders are currently not addressed. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. You can review and change the way we collect information below. 2. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. The formula for the CCA is: The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. Importance of Cumulative Records. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. I am Tim Stephens. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods.
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